Wild Atlantic salmon in Maine, rainbow and brook trout in Wisconsin, brown trout in Minnesota and fall-run Chinook salmon in California share something in common: each is threatened by groundwater pumping.
The environmental consequences of groundwater pumping are catastrophic: rivers, springs, lakes and wetlands have dried up, the ground beneath us has collapsed, and fish, birds, wildlife,
trees and shrubs have died. Yet, the only people who know about this problem are a few scientists, a handful of water management experts, and those unfortunate enough to have
witnessed it themselves.
Alas, the situation is getting worse. In the ongoing drought, cities, farmers, miners and individual homeowners, in search of new water supplies, have mostly turned to groundwater. Once thought to be as ubiquitous and plentiful as the air we breathe, we now know that groundwater is a finite resource, one that we are quickly and recklessly depleting.
To understand this pressing threat to some blue-ribbon trout waters, its necessary to understand a bit of the science of hydrology. Ground and surface water are intimately connected in the hydrologic cycle. Rainfall and snowmelt indirectly provide water to lakes and rivers by percolating into the ground and then migrating laterally to reach a watercourse.
If this sounds strange, consider the following riddle: where does water in a river come from if it has not rained recently?
It comes from groundwater. The onset of groundwater pumping disrupts this cycle by creating a cone of depression a lowering of the water table in the vicinity of the well. If pumping continues, the cone may eventually grow so large that the well starts capturing water directly from the river. Even if the well is located some distance from the surface water, it indirectly causes harm by intercepting water moving toward the river.
Legal rules compound the problem by failing to limit the size and scope of groundwater wells. Imagine a groundwater aquifer as a giant milkshake glass, and each well as a straw in the glass. In most states, the law allows a limitless number of straws in a single glass. It How to Choose the Best Vaporizer: A Comprehensive Guide
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